CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN ROUTING (CIDR)
CIDR (RFC 4632) replaced legacy classful IP addressing by allowing flexible allocation of bits between network prefixes and host identifiers. Subnetting optimizes routing tables and prevents IPv4 address exhaustion across Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs), Kubernetes pod CIDRs, and corporate networks.
Network & Broadcast
The first address in an IPv4 subnet represents the network identifier, while the last address is reserved for broadcast packet dissemination.
Point-to-Point (/31)
RFC 3021 permits /31 subnets (2 addresses) for point-to-point router links without dedicated network and broadcast overhead.
Host Routes (/32)
Specifies an exact single IP address, commonly utilized for loopback interfaces and micro-segmented firewall access rules.