MATRIX CALCULATOR // LINEAR ALGEBRA FOUNDATIONS & MATRIX THEORY
Mathematical fundamentals of 2×2 and 3×3 matrix transformations, determinant geometry, and computational inversion.
Determinants & Geometric Scaling Factors
The determinant of a square matrix represents the volume scaling factor of the linear transformation described by the matrix.
- 2×2 Determinant: Computed via the cross-multiplication formula:
det(A) = ad − bcfor matrix [[a,b],[c,d]]. Represents the signed area of the parallelogram formed by column vectors. - 3×3 Rule of Sarrus / Cofactor Expansion: Computed by expanding across minors along the top row:
a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg). - Singularity Condition: When
det(A) = 0, the transformation collapses spatial dimensions into a lower-dimensional line or plane; consequently, the matrix is singular and possesses no multiplicative inverse.
Matrix Inversion & Cramer's Framework
For any non-singular square matrix A, its inverse A⁻¹ satisfies the fundamental equality A × A⁻¹ = I, where I is the identity matrix.
- Adjugate Formulation:
A⁻¹ = (1 / det(A)) × adj(A), whereadj(A)is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors. - Computer Graphics & 3D Vectors: 3×3 and 4×4 matrices are the fundamental building blocks of 3D graphics rendering, Euler rotations, affine translation, and perspective projection pipelines.
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