NUMBER SYSTEMS & POSITIONAL NOTATION
Computing systems process all state in Base 2 (Binary). Hexadecimal and Octal notation provide compact, human-readable representations aligned directly to byte and nibble boundaries:
Binary & Hexadecimal
Every 4 bits of binary map to exactly 1 hexadecimal digit (`1111` → `F`), making Hex ideal for memory dumps, MAC addresses, and color codes.
Arbitrary Precision (BigInt)
JavaScript `BigInt` allows lossless conversion of 128-bit, 256-bit (Ethereum keys, SHA hashes), and arbitrarily large integers without standard float precision loss.
Two's Complement
Standard representation for signed integers where the most significant bit denotes sign, enabling addition and subtraction via identical hardware logic.